An (unintentional) façade of democratic debate

A review of the Colombian peace process. The article considers the actual extent of debate in a series of meetings and conferences in the UK that were held to analyse the peace process. The argument is put forward that the illegality, and thereby absence, of FARC at these meetings has contributed towards a distortion of events and arguments. Furthermore, it has left the current Colombian administration appearing as a far more inclusive and democratic institution than might be the case. The article welcomes the the interaction of the Colombian government in these UK meetings but suggests that measures are taken: i) to prevent the marginalization of FARC from democratic debate; ii) to limit the potential to breach Human Rights by the Colombian state; and iii) to define the difference between political violence and violent criminality

Galaxy Environments in DEEP2: The Birth of the Red Sequence

The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey is the first project to study the distant Universe by obtaining a data set comparable in size and nature to recent generations of local surveys. Made possible by the largest ground-based optical telescopes and new instrumentation, DEEP2 was designed to measure both the properties of galaxies at z ~ 1 and their distribution in space, enabling a number of unique tests of galaxy formation and evolution. Here, we first provide an overview of the survey, including the planned second major data release scheduled for early 2007. We then present new results from DEEP2 pertaining to the relationship between galaxy properties and environment at intermediate redshift, revealing where and when typical ~L* galaxies began quenching and moved onto the red sequence in significant number.Comment: 2 pages (1 figure), for the IAU Symposium 235, Galaxies Across the Hubble Time, J. Palous & F. Combes, eds. Uses iaus.cls, include

The Impact of Content Mastery on Sequential Standards

Mastery of P-12 academic standards is based on a learning process that is sequential and that can be broken into key components for varying students. Key ideas need to be learned before others can be mastered and it is important to know which key ideas are needed before others can be presented. The common problem for students in mathematics is that the content scaffolds and for the teacher, it can be a difficult decision of when to proceed and when not to. Yet, high stakes testing mandates a fast pace of instruction which leaves many students chronically behind. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between passing scaffolded math standards and passing subsequent standards. Archival data from 481 sixth, seventh, and eighth grades were analyzed using chi-square. Results revealed that mastery of key concepts is needed before subsequent, higher–order applications can be learned

The spatial structure of networks

We study networks that connect points in geographic space, such as transportation networks and the Internet. We find that there are strong signatures in these networks of topography and use patterns, giving the networks shapes that are quite distinct from one another and from non-geographic networks. We offer an explanation of these differences in terms of the costs and benefits of transportation and communication, and give a simple model based on the Monte Carlo optimization of these costs and benefits that reproduces well the qualitative features of the networks studied.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Optimal design of spatial distribution networks

We consider the problem of constructing public facilities, such as hospitals, airports, or malls, in a country with a non-uniform population density, such that the average distance from a person's home to the nearest facility is minimized. Approximate analytic arguments suggest that the optimal distribution of facilities should have a density that increases with population density, but does so slower than linearly, as the two-thirds power. This result is confirmed numerically for the particular case of the United States with recent population data using two independent methods, one a straightforward regression analysis, the other based on density dependent map projections. We also consider strategies for linking the facilities to form a spatial network, such as a network of flights between airports, so that the combined cost of maintenance of and travel on the network is minimized. We show specific examples of such optimal networks for the case of the United States.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure